Solid particles can be transported as a mobile granular bed, known asbed-load, by pressure-driven flows. A common case in industry is the presenceof bed-load in stratified gas-liquid flows in horizontal ducts. In this case,an initially flat granular bed may be unstable, generating ripples and dunes.This three-phase flow, although complex, can be modeled under some simplifyingassumptions. This paper presents a model for the estimation of some bed-loadcharacteristics. Based on parameters easily measurable in industry, the modelcan predict the local bed-load flow rates and the celerity and the wavelengthof instabilities appearing on the granular bed.
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